Her date of birth is unknown and her statements about her age were vague.
Joan of Arc was born around 1412 in Domrémy, a small village in the Meuse valley now in the Vosges department in the north-east of France. In the sixteenth century, she became known as the "Maid of Orleans". Joan referred to herself in the letters as "Jeanne la Pucelle" (Joan the Maiden) or as "la Pucelle" (the Maiden), emphasizing her virginity, and she signed "Jehanne". She may have later learned to sign her name, as some of her letters are signed, and she may even have learned to read. She was not taught to read and write in her childhood, and so dictated her letters. The first written record of her being called by this name is in 1455, 24 years after her death. Joan may never have heard herself called "Jeanne d'Arc". She was called "Jeanne d'Ay de Domrémy" in Charles VII's 1429 letter granting her a coat of arms. Her father's name was written as "Tart" at her trial. There is no standard spelling of her name before the sixteenth century her last name was usually written as "Darc" without an apostrophe, but there are variants such as "Tarc", "Dart" or "Day".
Joan of Arc's name was written in a variety of ways.
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In 1456, an inquisitorial court reinvestigated Joan's trial and overturned the verdict, declaring that it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors. She was declared guilty and burned at the stake on, aged about nineteen. She was put on trial by Bishop Pierre Cauchon on accusations of heresy, which included blaspheming by wearing men's clothes, acting upon visions that were demonic, and refusing to submit her words and deeds to the judgment of the church. After trying unsuccessfully to escape, she was handed to the English in November. She was captured by Burgundian troops on 23 May. In early 1430, Joan organized a company of volunteers to relieve Compiègne, which had been besieged by the Burgundians-French allies of the English. Her role in these defeats reduced the court's faith in her. These victories boosted French morale, paving the way for their final triumph in the Hundred Years' War several decades later.Īfter Charles's coronation, Joan participated in the unsuccessful siege of Paris in September 1429 and the failed siege of La Charité in November. Joan encouraged the French to aggressively pursue the English during the Loire Campaign, which culminated in another decisive victory at Patay, opening the way for the French army to advance on Reims unopposed, where Charles was crowned as the King of France with Joan at his side. Nine days after her arrival, the English abandoned the siege. She arrived at the city in April 1429, wielding her banner and bringing hope to the demoralized French army. In 1428, she requested to be taken to Charles, later testifying that she was guided by visions from the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine to help him save France from English domination.Ĭonvinced of her devotion and purity, Charles sent Joan, who was about seventeen years old, to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. Joan was born to a propertied peasant family at Domrémy in northeast France. Stating that she was acting under divine guidance, she became a military leader who transcended gender roles and gained recognition as a savior of France. 1412 – ) is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the coronation of Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War. Joan of Arc ( French: Jeanne d'Arc pronounced c.
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